Use of <i>Phyllomedusa bicolour</i> secretion during <i>kambô</i> ritual: observational responses, dosage, and risk of adverse events

The ‘kambô’ ritual involves application of Phyllomedusa Bicolor poison to superficial burns made on the user’s skin. Existing kambô literature describes case reports severe harms. objective current study was better characterize typical observed responses administration. We performed a retrospective review practitioner’s practice. Statistical analysis descriptive, and characterized number points or location administered as well physical such facial swelling, diaphoresis, immediate bowel movement, syncope, occurrence emesis. There were 147 unique participants that underwent 241 rituals included. mean 4.2 ± 2.2, while median 3 (range 1–11). Common included swelling (70.5%), diaphoresis (53.3%), movement (45.2%), syncope (10.4%). Higher receiving at multiple locations appeared increase diaphoresis. Responses are likely be dose-dependent. No adverse effects recorded in sample, although some components may promote risks harm due hyponatremia, asphyxiation from emesis, injury syncope.